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Abstract Objectives: To describe the neurocognitive profile of 458 children with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening, followed under the same treatment protocol over 25 years. To correlate estimated full-scale IQ (FSIQ) scores with age at the start of treatment, disease severity, and maternal education. Methods: Observational, analytical, retrospective, and longitudinal cohort study, that evaluated children detected between 1991 and 2014, who underwent at least one psychometric assessment (WPPSI- R and/or WISC-III). Estimated FSIQ scores are described and correlated with prognosis determinants. Results: Median T4 at diagnosis was 2.8 µg/dL (0.0-16.5), the median age at the start of treatment was 18.5 days (3-309). Maternal education (n = 445): 2.7% of illiteracy, 59.8% with basic education. Estimated FSIQ scores were 88.0 (±11.8) in WPPSI-R (age 5.6 ± 0.5 years) and 84.1 (±13.0) in WISC-III (age 9.1 ± 1.4 years). The intellectual deficit was identified in 11.6%. Correlation between age at the start of treatment and estimated FSIQ was found only in the WPPSI-R test (p = 0.02). Initial T4 and maternal education significantly correlated with estimated FSIQ scores in both tests, with the latter being the most important determining factor. Conclusions: In this large cohort of mainly low socioeconomic status children, most children achieved normal cognitive levels; however, a significant percentage presented with below-average estimated FSIQ scores and intellectual deficits. Maternal education was the main determining factor in cognitive level followed by hypothyroidism severity.
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Objetivo: analizar si el origen social y ciertas características sociodemográficas como la escolaridad, el empleo y el ser madre influyen en el aplazamiento de la primera unión en dos cohortes de mujeres mexicanas. Fuente de datos: Encuesta Demográfica Retrospectiva de 2017. Metodología: se utilizaron técnicas descriptivas y multivariadas de historia de eventos. En el análisis multivariado, se ajustaron dos modelos de historia de eventos, uno para la cohorte más antigua y otro para la más joven. Resultados: las mujeres nacidas entre 1978 y 1987 retrasaron más su calendario en comparación con las nacidas entre 1962 y 1967. La proporción de ocurrencia de la primera unión a los 30 años ha cambiado según la cohorte de nacimiento, las mujeres más jóvenes muestran menores porcentajes al respecto. Las mujeres de la cohorte más joven con alto nivel educativo, sin hijos y de mayor estrato tienen menos probabilidades de unirse. Conclusiones: el calendario de la unión en México es heterogéneo y está acentuado por las nuevas generaciones, la clase socioeconómica, el nivel educativo y la fecundidad previa.
Objective: to analyze if social origin and certain sociodemographic characteristics such as: education level, having a job and being a mother, influence in two cohorts of women in Mexico to postpone their entry into their first union. Data source: Retrospective Demographic Survey of 2017. Data source: Retrospective Demographic Survey of 2017. Methodology: descriptive and multivariate event history techniques were used. In multivariate analysis, two event history models were adjusted, one for women from the oldest cohort and one for the youngest. Results: Women born between 1978 and 1987 delayed their calendar compared to those born between 1962 and 1967. The proportion of occurrences of the first union at age 30 has changed according to the birth cohort, with younger women showing lower percentages of a first marriage at this age. Women from the younger cohort who are highly educated do not have children and are from a higher stratum, they are less likely to join. Conclusion: the calendar of the union in Mexico is heterogeneous and is accentuated by the new generations and the socioeconomic stratum to which they belong, in addition to factors such as educational level and pre-union fertility.
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Objective:To understand the current situation of female cancer survivors′ self-advocacy and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:Convenience sampling was used. From August to November 2021, 243 female cancer survivors from 10 tertiary A hospitals in Jiangsu Province were selected as the research objects. The general information questionnaire and the Female Self-Advocacy in Cancer Survivorship (FSACS)were used for the survey. Multiple stepwise linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of female cancer survivors′ self-advocacy rights.Results:The self-advocacy score of this group of female cancer survivors was (82.42±10.42); the results of multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that education level was an influencing factor for female cancer survivors′self-advocacy ( P<0.05), but age, marital status, number of children, work status, family monthly income, reimbursement method, illness time, disease diagnosis, and disease stage had nothing to do with female cancer survivors′ self-advocacy( P>0.05). Conclusions:Female cancer survivors′ self-advocacy is affected by their educational level.It is recommended that medical staff pay attention to patients with low education level, provide personalized guidance according to their conditions, and encourage them to actively obtain external information, seek effective communication and external support, so as to improve Self-advocacy ability.
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@#Introduction: Previous studies have reported that low birth weight (LBW) correlates with neonatal death and 15 - 20% of all births worldwide are LBW. This research aimed to analyse the factors related to LBW in Indonesia. Methods: The authors collated secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The sample consisted of 17,443 respondents. Besides LBW as the dependent variable, the independent variables consisted of maternal age, residence, wealth, education, employment, marital status, health insurance, antenatal care (ANC) visits, smoking behaviour, and gender of the baby. The final stage employed binary logistic regression. Results: Women aged 35-39 years were 0.688 times less likely than women aged 15-19 years to give birth to LBW babies. The wealthiest women were 0.712 times less likely than the poorest women to give birth to LBW babies. Women with higher education levels were 0.670 times less likely to have a LBW baby than women with no education level. Women who attended ≥4 ANC visits were 0.829 times less likely to have LBW babies than women who attended <4 ANC visits. Baby girls were 1.161 times more likely than baby boys to be born with LBW. Conclusion: The study concluded that the factors related to LBW in Indonesia were maternal age, wealth, education, ANC, and gender of the baby.
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@#Abstract: Objective - To analyze the allocation of occupational health professionals in prefecture level cities of Guangdong Methods -one - Province. Twenty occupational disease prevention and control institutions in 21 prefecture level cities in Guangdong Province were selected as the research subjects using the typical sampling method. The relevant information of ， ， ， - occupational health professionals and technicians was collected and the distribution of regions types of institutions full time - ， Results and part time jobs education level and professional titles were analyzed. There are 1 394 occupational health - - professionals in 21 prefecture level occupational disease prevention and control institutions in Guangdong Province. Full time - ， and part time workers accounted for 55.9% and 44.1% respectively. The professional and technical personnel mainly （ ） concentrated in the Pearl River Delta region 63.3% and occupational disease prevention and control hospitals/institutes （ ）， （ ） （ ） 82.4% with bachelor degree 63.7% and intermediate title 44.3% . The occupational health professionals with Conclusion postgraduates and above and senior titles were mainly concentrated in the Pearl River Delta region. Among the - ， - occupational health professionals in prefecture level cities of Guangdong Province part time workers account for a high ， ， proportion and there are problems of uneven distribution of regions education level and titles. It is suggested to introduce ， measures to encourage complementary support for occupational health technicians innovate the training system of occupational ， ， health professionals ensure the fairness of the distribution of human resources and improve even allocation of occupational health professionals.
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Resumen El presente trabajo ofrece un análisis del comportamiento de la fecundidad desagregado por nivel de instrucción de la madre en Argentina en el siglo XXI y presta especial atención a la evolución de la fecundidad adolescente en el mismo período. A diferencia de lo acontecido en otros países de la región en las últimas dos décadas, donde el descenso de la fecundidad fue casi ininterrumpida, en la Argentina la fecundidad tuvo un comportamiento estable, similar a una meseta, desde comienzos del siglo XXI hasta 2014, a partir de cuando comenzó un descenso sostenido análogo al de sus países vecinos. Para este análisis se usan datos de las estadísticas vitales y de las estimaciones y proyecciones de población del INDEC, y para el análisis por nivel de instrucción, datos de las encuestas permanentes de hogares del INDEC y del Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda de 2010. En el análisis se puede observar una importante brecha en los niveles de fecundidad entre las mujeres más y menos instruidas, principalmente en la fecundidad adolescente. Esta brecha es un reflejo de inequidad, dado que la alta fecundidad afecta sobre todo a las mujeres de los estratos sociales más vulnerables.
Resumo Este documento faz uma análise do comportamento da fecundidade na Argentina no século 21, desagregado por nível de escolaridade da mãe, com especial atenção à evolução da fecundidade na adolescência nesse período. Ao contrário do que aconteceu em outros países da região nas últimas duas décadas, onde a fecundidade diminuiu quase continuamente, na Argentina a fecundidade teve um comportamento estável, semelhante a um plateau, desde o início do século 21 até 2014, quando começou um declínio sustentado semelhante ao observado nos países vizinhos. Utilizamos dados de estatísticas vitais, estimativas e projeções da população do INDEC e, para a análise por nível de educação, dados das Pesquisas Domésticas do INDEC e do Censo Nacional da População e Habitação 2010. A análise mostra uma lacuna significativa nos níveis de fecundidade entre as mulheres mais e menos instruídas, principalmente na fecundidade adolescente. Esta lacuna é reflexo da desigualdade, uma vez que a alta fecundidade afeta principalmente as mulheres dos estratos sociais mais vulneráveis.
Abstract This paper presents an analysis of Argentina's fertility behavior disaggregated by level of education of the mother in the 21st century, and focuses on the evolution of adolescent fertility during the same period. Unlike what other countries from the region have experienced in the last two decades, where fertility decline occurred almost uninterruptedly, Argentina's fertility had a stable behavior, similar to a plateau, from the beginning of the 21st century until 2014. Since then, it began a sustained decline similar to that evidenced in neighboring countries. Data from vital statistics, INDEC population estimates and projections are used, and data from INDEC Household Surveys and the 2010 National Population and Housing Census are used for the analysis by education level. The analysis shows a significant gap in fertility levels between the most and least educated women, mainly in adolescent fertility. This gap is a reflection of inequity, given that high fertility rates mainly affect women from the most vulnerable social strata.
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Humans , Argentina , Adolescent , Fertility , Socioeconomic Factors , Infant Mortality , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Education , Social FactorsABSTRACT
O nível de escolaridade pode influenciar na qualidade de vida de uma população. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a correlação entre a qualidade de vida (QV) e o nível educacional da população de Maringá-PR. Trata-se de um estudo de base populacional, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 1237 adultos (18 anos ou mais), de ambos os sexos, residentes no município. Foram aplicados instrumentos para obtenção de dados sobre o Perfil sociodemográfico e o questionário WOQOOL-100. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson (X2), sendo adotada a significância de p < 0,05. Houve prevalência de indivíduos com nível bom/muito bom de QV nos domínios psicológico (62,4%), nível de independência (84,9%), relações sociais (77,2%), meio ambiente (60,6%) e espiritualidade (83,3%). Verificou-se associação significativa entre o grau de escolaridade e os domínios de independência (p < 0,001), relações sociais (p = 0,001) e meio ambiente (p = 0,002). Conclui-se que existem melhores índices de QV nos domínios de independência, relações sociais e meio ambiente em indivíduos com maior grau de escolaridade.
The level of education can influence the quality of life of a population. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the correlation between the quality of life (QoL) and the educational level of the population of Maringá, PR. This is a population-based, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, carried out with 1237 adults (18 years and over), of both sexes, residing in the municipality. Instruments were applied to obtain data on the sociodemographic profile and the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test (X2), with a significance of p < 0.05. There was a prevalence of individuals with a good/very good level of QoL in the psychology (62.4%), level of independence (84.9%), social relationships (77.2%), environment (60.6%), and spirituality (83.3%) domains. There was a significant association between the level of education and the domains of independence (p < 0.001), social relationships (p = 0.001), and environment (p = 0.002). It is concluded that there are better QoL indices in the domains of independence, social relationships, and environment in individuals with a higher level of education.
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Objective@#To evaluate the impact of loss of a spouse on self-rated health among middle-aged and elderly populations in China, so as to provide insights into health promotion among middle-aged and elderly populations with loss of a spouse. @*Methods@#Based the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) database, married and separated individuals or individuals with loss of a spouse at ages of 45 years and older and with monthly household consumption of no less than 100 yuan were enrolled. Subjects' age, gender, educational levels, marital status, monthly household consumption, number of chronic diseases and self-rated health were collected. Subjects were classified according to loss of a spouse, and the impact of loss of a spouse on self-rated health was evaluated among middle-aged and elderly populations using propensity score matching (PSM). In addition, heterogeneity test was performed to evaluate the gender- and educational level-stratified impacts.@*Results@#Totally 3 272 valid subjects were enrolled, including 1 618 men (49.45%) and 1 654 women (50.55%), and there were 512 subjects with loss of a spouse (15.65%). There were 656 subjects with very good self-rated health (20.05%), 622 with good health (19.01%), 1 534 with fair health (46.88%), 376 with poor health (11.49%) and 84 with very poor health (2.57%). There were 3 152 couples with successful nearest neighbor matching, and there was no significant difference between the subjects with and without loss of a spouse after adjustment for variables (P>0.05), while the overall fitting degree of the model was good following matching. PSM showed that the self-rated health became poor following loss of a spouse among middle-aged and elderly populations, with average treatment effect (ATT) of 0.055 to 0.061, and a remarkably negative effect of loss of a spouse on self-rated health was seen in women, with ATT of 0.192 to 0.223, while no remarkable effect was seen in men. Loss of a spouse showed a remarkably negative effect on self-rated health among individuals receiving junior and senior high educations, with ATT of 0.048 to 0.057, but presented no remarkable effect on self-rated health among individuals receiving primary educations. @*Conclusions @#Loss of a spouse presents a negative effect on self-rated health among middle-aged and elderly populations, and remarkably negative effects are seen among women and individuals receiving high educational levels.
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Objective To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of geriatric syndrome (GS) in Beijing area, and to analyze the relationship between GS and Barthel Index (Barthel ADL) score and quality of life. Methods From June 2018 to December 2018, a community-based or door-to-door survey of elderly people >65 years old in some communities in Beijing was conducted. The incidence of GS and its gender distribution, age distribution, and type distribution were investigated. At the same time, GS patients were selected as the observation group, and among people without GS in physical examination, a random sampling method was used to select the control group. The general data, Barthel ADL score, and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) score were compared between the two groups. The relevant influencing factors of GS and its correlation with the Barthel ADL score and WHOQOL-BREF scores were analyzed. Results Among 500 elderly people in the community investigated in the present study, 97.00% of patients had ≥1 types of GS, 84.80% of patients had ≥2 types, and 70.20% of patients had ≥3 types of GS. High education level (OR=0.329, 95%CI: 0.259-0.418) and retirement pension (OR=0.727, 95%CI: 0.576-0.918) were the protective factors for the occurrence of GS. Hyperlipidemia (OR=3.176, 95%CI: 2.518-4.007), diabetes (OR=2.473, 95%CI: 1.718-3.559), coronary heart disease (OR=2.658, 95%CI:1.649-4.286), hypertension (OR=3.230, 95%CI:2.008-5.197), osteoarthropathy (OR=4.166, 95%CI: 3.008-5.769), cancer (OR=3.008, 95%CI: 1.894-4.778), acute cerebral infarction (OR=3.420, 95%CI: 2.335-5.009), and acute myocardial infarction (OR=2.112, 95%CI: 1.169-3.814) were the risk factors for GS (P<0.05). The Barthel ADL score and WHOQOL-BREF score of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). GS was negatively correlated with Barthel ADL and WHOQOL-BREF scores (P<0.05). Conclusion GS was common in the elderly in Beijing, and its occurrence was related to factors such as education level, retirement pension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoarthropathy, cancer, acute cerebral infarction, and acute myocardial infarction. Strengthening the early assessment and management of GS will help improve the daily life and quality of life of the elderly.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the application value of narrative medical model in communication with cancer patients with low education level. MethodsRetrospective analysis was performed on 80 cancer patients with low education level who were hospitalized in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from March 2019 to April 2020. They were randomly divided into control group （n=40） and observation group （n=40）. The control group received conventional nursing intervention， while the observation group received narrative medical nursing mode intervention. Both groups received intervention for 6 months. The Self-rating Anxiety Scale （SAS）， Self-rating Depression Scale （SDS）， Morisky Medication Adherence Scale （MMAS-8）， Social Support Rating Scale （SSRS） and self-designed knowledge of the disease and cognition questionnaire were used for evaluation before and after intervention. ResultsAfter intervention， the SAS and SDS scores of observation group were lower than those of control group （t=7.493， 8.314， P<0.01）. After intervention， medication compliance of observation group was higher than that of control group （χ2=4.012， P=0.045）. SSRS subscale score and total score were higher than those in control group （t=2.198， 7.548， 2.664， 4.248， P<0.05 or 0.01）. After intervention， the mastery rate of knowledge about the disease and the excellent and good rate of cognitive behavior in observation group were higher than those in control group （χ2=4.588， 5.541， P<0.05）. ConclusionThe narrative medical model is of certain application value in communication with cancer patients with low education level. It can better improve the patients’ negative emotions， social support， and knowledge and cognition of the disease.
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Neste artigo, são estimados os diferenciais educacionais de mortalidade de adultos residentes em São Paulo. É realizada uma análise comparativa de estimativas a partir de dados do Censo 2010 e do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM) - Datasus e de três formas distintas de mensuração da escolaridade: registrada no SIM; declarada no Censo para o responsável pelo domicílio; e imputada estatisticamente no Censo para indivíduos que morreram. Para as imputações da escolaridade, utilizou-se o método de Dempester (1977), que propõe o uso do algoritmo esperança-maximização (algoritmo E-M) para lidar com dados faltantes. Foram considerados três níveis de escolaridade (baixo, médio e alto) e estimadas as taxas de mortalidade com base em modelos Poisson. Os resultados indicam que a obtenção de escolaridade pode reduzir em até 77% as taxas de mortalidade entre 25 e 59 anos de idade. Além disso, em um país em que a população tem baixa escolaridade, obter ensino médio representa um ganho significativo do ponto de vista da sobrevivência adulta (cerca de 50%). Encontraram-se padrões de mortalidade por escolaridade semelhantes para as estimativas obtidas com dados registrados no SIM e aqueles imputados no Censo 2010. Além disso, a análise sugere que estimativas assumindo a escolaridade do responsável pelo domicílio resultam em diferenciais de mortalidade atípicos, provavelmente distorcidos pela transição de educação no Brasil. Espera-se que o modelo de imputação proposto aqui possa ser utilizado em futuras análises dos dados de mortalidade a partir do Censo 2010.
En este artículo estimamos los diferenciales educativos de la mortalidad de adultos en San Pablo. Ofrecemos un análisis comparativo de estimaciones con base en datos del censo de 2010 y el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) - Datasus, y tres formas diferentes de medir la escolaridad: registrada en el SIM, declarada en el censo por el jefe de hogar e imputado estadísticamente en el censo para las personas fallecidas. Para las imputaciones de escolaridad se utilizó el método de Dempester (1977), que propone el uso del algoritmo de maximización de esperanza (algoritmo E-M) para tratar los datos faltantes. Consideramos tres niveles de educación (bajo, medio y alto) y estimamos las tasas de mortalidad con base en los modelos de Poisson. Los resultados indican que la escolarización puede reducir las tasas de mortalidad entre los 25 y 59 años hasta en un 77 %. Además, en un país donde la población tiene bajo nivel de educación, completar la educación secundaria representa una ganancia significativa desde el punto de vista de la supervivencia de los adultos (alrededor del 50%). Encontramos patrones similares de mortalidad por educación para las estimaciones obtenidas con datos registrados en el SIM y datos imputados en el Censo de 2010. Además, nuestro análisis sugiere que las estimaciones asumiendo la educación del jefe de hogar dan como resultado diferenciales de mortalidad atípicos, probablemente distorsionados por la transición de educación en Brasil. Esperamos que el modelo de imputación propuesto aquí se pueda utilizar en futuros análisis de mortalidad del Censo de 2010.
In this article, we estimate adult mortality by education level in São Paulo. We compare estimates based on deaths from the 2010 Census and the 2013 Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade - SIM) - DATASUS, and three different ways of measuring education level: recorded in the SIM, reported in the census for the household heads and imputed statistically in the census for individuals who died. For the statistical imputation, we use the Dempester (1977) method, which proposes using the expectation-maximization algorithm (EM algorithm) to deal with missing data. We consider three education levels (low, medium, and high) and estimate mortality rates based on Poisson models. The results indicate that between ages 25 and 59, more years of schooling are associated with mortality rates up to 77% lower. Secondary (medium) education level provides most of the mortality gains at adult ages (about 50%). The mortality differentials calculated with death records from the SIM and census deaths with education imputed statistically are similar. However, estimates based on the assumption that the deceased's education is equal to the household head's in the census resulted in atypical mortality patterns. We hope that the imputation model we propose in the current study can be used in future mortality analyses by SES using census deaths.
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Humans , Mortality , Censuses , Educational Status , Survivorship , Reference Standards , Algorithms , Brazil , Information Systems , Education, Primary and SecondaryABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: En este trabajo se propone identificar las brechas en la tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI), según el nivel de instrucción de las madres en las seis provincias del noroeste argentino (NOA), una región que se caracteriza por poseer indicadores sociodemográficos rezagados respecto al total del país. Metodología: Para estimar las TMI según nivel de instrucción de las madres se emplea el método de Brass con la variante propuesta por Hill. Se utilizan los datos del censo argentino de 2010. Además, se simula el nivel actual de la mortalidad infantil de acuerdo con los indicadores obtenidos. Resultados: La brecha entre la TMI de las mujeres con bajo y alto nivel de instrucción es entre dos y tres veces mayor, mientras que es entre una y dos veces al comparar las de nivel medio con las de alto. Si estas brechas se aplican a las TMI oficiales del año 2017, más de 10 defunciones infantiles por cada mil nacidos vivos corresponderían a mujeres de nivel medio o bajo. Conclusiones: Existe una desigualdad en la mortalidad infantil en el NOA, de acuerdo con la educación de las madres. De esta realidad se no escapan otras regiones del país ni del mundo. Si bien las estadísticas vitales intentan relevar algunos determinantes sociales de la salud, particularmente el nivel educativo de las personas, esta fuente aún no permite su aprovechamiento en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de desigualdades. Los métodos indirectos pueden complementar, cuando no suplir estas deficiencias, aun considerando sus propias limitaciones.
Abstract Introduction: This paper aims at identifying the gap in the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) according to the mothers' education level in six provinces of the Argentinean Northwest (NOA). This is a region that is characterized by having sociodemographic indicators that lag behind the rest of the country. Methodology: In order to estimate the IMR according to the mothers' education level, the Brass method with Hill's variant is applied using data from the 2010 census. Moreover, the current infant mortality rate is simulated according to the obtained indicators. Results: The gap between the IMR of women with a lower education level and those with a higher education level is twice or three times higher, whereas the gap considering women of a middle education level and those of the highest level varies between one and two. If these gaps were applied to the official IMR from 2017, more than 10 infant deaths per one thousand of children born alive would correspond to women with middle or low education level. Conclusions: There is inequality in the infant mortality in the NOA region according to the education level of mothers, which is far from other regions in the country or the world. Even if vital statistics attempt at revealing some social determinants of health, especially the education level, this source cannot yet be fully used in the diagnostic and follow-up of said inequalities. Indirect methods, considering their own limitations, can complement these deficiencies.
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Humans , Infant Mortality , Population Education , ArgentinaABSTRACT
Purpose: To assess the awareness and knowledge about diabetic retinopathy (DR) and associated factors among patients visiting the tertiary health center in Goa. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a standard predesigned and pretested closed-ended structured questionnaire to assess the awareness, knowledge, attitude and practice about DR among patients visiting a tertiary health center. Results: Three hundred and fifty-eight subjects participated in the study. Only 125 (34.9% [95% CI: 30.0–40.1]) subjects were aware of DR and 122 (34.1% [95% CI: 29.2–39.2]) had adequate knowledge about DR. Awareness and knowledge of DR were significantly high among the subjects who completed college level of education (66.7%, OR = 2.78; 95% CI: 1.73–4.48, P < 0.001 and 55.9%, OR = 3.92; 95% CI: 2.41–6.38, P < 0.001) and who spoke English (52.5%, OR = 3.37; 95% CI: 2.14–5.30, P < 0.001 and 50.4%, OR = 3.26; 95% CI: 2.07–5.14, P < 0.001). Christians reported better knowledge about DR compared to other religions (48.8%, OR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.38–3.75, P = 0.005). Negative association was noted between the knowledge of DR and presence of diabetes (29.4%, OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.41–0.99, P = 0.048). The practice pattern was strongly associated (OR = 7.47; 95% CI: 4.51–12.38, P < 0.001) with the knowledge of DR. Attitude was not influenced by any of the factors. Conclusion: We found that awareness and knowledge about DR were unsatisfactory; literacy contributed significantly toward it. These findings also suggest that there is an immediate need to enhance the awareness and knowledge of diabetic eye diseases in order to reduce the burden of visual impairment.
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INTRODUCTION: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the majority of the world's population. Currently, more emphasis has been directed towards the combined influence of education level, lifestyle instead of regular risk factors in dealing with chronic illnesses. The present paper is to assess the periodontal health status, education level and lifestyle in outpatient department of Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research (GNIDSR), Sodepur, Kolkata, West Bengal.OBJECTIVE:The objective of the study was to evaluate patient's education level & life style with periodontal disease. METHODOLOGY:This cross-sectional study was conducted on 245 subjects of 35-44 years age group over two months period. Subjects were interviewed by the questionnaire and Modified Community Periodontal Index was recorded.RESULT:The statistical analysis shows significant decrease in periodontal health status when education level increased. Also the prevalence of periodontitis with a healthy lifestyle is significantly lower when compared with an unhealthy lifestyle.CONCLUSION:There is a strong association of lifestyle and education level with periodontal health.
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Objective: To investigate the modifying effect of maternal education level on the association between the number of prenatal care visits and neonatal low birth weight (LBW). Methods: The information about women of childbearing age and their children was obtained through a survey on the status of birth defects and their risk factors in Shaanxi Province. Logistic regression model was used to explore the multiplied interaction between maternal education level or the number of prenatal care visits and neonatal low birth weight and the Excel table prepared by Andresson et al. was used to calculate the adding interaction. Results: With the increase of the number of prenatal care visits, the incidence of LBW and SGA in all the newborns and full-term infants gradually decreased. When the mother's education level was high school and above, the risk of incidence of LBW (OR=0.81, 95% CI 0.65-1.00) and SGA (OR=0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.95) in all the newborns and full-term infants (OR=0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.97) were reduced. Also there was a reduced risk of LBW and SGA in all the newborns and full-term infants with increased times of prenatal care visits. Interaction analysis showed that the level of maternal education and the number of prenatal care visits only had multiplied interaction on LBW (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.63-0.97) and SGA (OR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.76-0.94) in all the newborns and full-term infants (OR=0.72, 95% CI: 1.11-1.25). Conclusion: The lower education level of the mother and fewer antenatal care visits were the risk factors for the occurrence of neonatal LBW, and the level of maternal education had a modifying effect on the influence of prenatal examination on neonatal LBW. Higher maternal education can improve the effect of fewer prenatal care visits on neonates' LBW.
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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic factors that affect atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk.METHODS: We used data from 3,704 individuals between 40 and 79 years of age, who participated in the Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey in 2016. Socioeconomic groups were categorized by income and education level. We analyzed the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from logistic regression for the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in each group.RESULTS: Using logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios and 95% CIs of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk based on high, middle, and low socioeconomic factors were 1.0, 1.597 (95% CI, 1.279–1.993), and 5.689 (95% CI, 4.030–8.032), respectively. The results after adjusting for covariates (age, gender, obesity, alcohol consumption) also showed statistical significance.CONCLUSION: We conclude that socioeconomic factors such as income and education level are correlated with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk.
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Cardiovascular Diseases , Education , Korea , Logistic Models , Nutrition Surveys , Obesity , Odds Ratio , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To determine the dietary diversity, the level of food security and its relationship with living conditions in families in Acajete, Veracruz. Materials and methods: Proportional stratified sampling, with 95% confidence, 5% error, and 50% response distribution. Household selection was made randomly, resulting in 211 dwellings as a sample. Results: Marginal food security with 40.3% (n = 85), followed by 32.7% of families with food security (n = 69). Regarding the nutritional status of surveyed people, the mode and median was normal weight (57.7%), overweight and obese 25.5% and underweight 16.8%. 33.6% of the people consume three food groups throughout the day, 27.5% four groups, 15.2% two groups, and the same percentage five food groups. There were significant differences (p=0.039) between the education level of the respondents in relation to their food security status, where 84.2% of the illiterate population has some degree of food insecurity, and 15.8% are in Food security. Conclusions: The housing characteristics considered in this study are not a determinant risk factor for Food Insecurity; no significant differences were found with overcrowding (p=0.239), housing ownership (p=0.987); and an unsafe source of drinking water (p = 0.973). The average scores of the Mexican Food Security Survey (EMSA) were statistically significant, therefore it is observed that lower food diversity results in lower food security. The inhabitants of Acajete who are in low or very low food security, only feed on two food groups: cereals or tubers; and legumes, nuts or seeds. When there is marginal food security add meat or fish.
Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad alimentaria, el nivel de la seguridad alimentaria y su relación con las condiciones de vida en familias en la localidad de Acajete, Veracruz. Materiales y métodos: Muestreo estratificado proporcional, con una confianza del 95%, un error del 5%, y un 50% de distribución de respuesta. La selección de los hogares se realizó de manera aleatoria, resultando 211 viviendas como muestra. Resultados: Inseguridad alimentaria leve con un 40.3% (n=85), seguido del 32.7% de las familias con seguridad alimentaria (n=69). Respecto al estado nutricio de las personas encuestadas, la moda y mediana fue de normopeso (57.7%), en sobrepeso y obesidad 25.5% y en bajo peso 16.8%. El 33.6% de los encuestados consume tres grupos de alimentos durante todo el día, 27.5% cuatro grupos, 15.2% dos grupos, y con el mismo porcentaje cinco grupos de alimentos. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p=0.039) entre el nivel de educación de los encuestados en relación con su estado de seguridad alimentaria, donde el 84.2% de la población analfabeta cursa con algún grado de inseguridad alimentaria, y el 15.8% se encuentra en seguridad alimentaria. Conclusiones: Las características de la vivienda que se consideraron en este estudio no son un factor de riesgo determinante para la Inseguridad Alimentaria, no se encontraron diferencias significativas con el hacinamiento (p=0.239), propiedad de la vivienda (p=0.987); y fuente insegura de agua para beber (p=0.973). Los puntajes promedio de la Encuesta Mexicana para la Seguridad Alimentaria resultaron estadísticamente significativos, por consiguiente se observa que una menor diversidad de alimentos resulta en mayor inseguridad alimentaria. Las familias en Inseguridad Alimentaria Moderada o Severa, se alimentan únicamente de dos grupos de alimentos: cereales o tubérculos; y de legumbres. Cuando hay inseguridad alimentaria leve agregan la carne o el pescado.
Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a diversidade alimentar, o nivel de segurança alimentar e sua relação com as condições de vida das familias na cidade de Acajete, Veracruz. Materiais e métodos: Amostragem estratificada proporcional, com uma confiaba de 95%, um erro de 5%, e distribuição de resposta de 50%. A selecção dos agregados foi realizada de forma aleatória, resultando invólucro 211, como mostrado. Resultados: Insegurança aliemtar leve, com 40,3% (n = 85), seguido por 32,7% das familias com seguraba alimentar (n = 69). Com relação ao estado nutricional dos entrevistados, moda e mediana foi de peso normal (57,7%) em sobrepeso e obesidade de 25,5% e 16,8% abaixo do peso. 33,6% dos encuestados consumem três grupos de alimentos ao longo do dia, quatro grupos de 27,5%, 15,2% dois grupos, e a mesma percentagem de cinco grupos de alimentos. Diferenças significativas (p = 0,039) entre o nivel de escolaridade dos entrevistados sobre sua situação de segurança alimentar, onde 84,2% da população analfabeta apresenta com algum grau de insegurançã alimentar foram encontrados, e 15,8% estão em segurança alimentar. Conclusões: As características da habitação que foram considerados neste estudo não são um factor determinante para o risco de segurança alimentar, não há diferenças significativas com a superlotação (p = 0,239), a posse (p = 0,987) que foram encontrados; e a fonte de água não potável (p = 0,973). Os escores médios do Inquérito de Segurança Alimentar mexicano foram estatisticamente significativos, portanto, mostra que menos diversidade de alimentos resulta em maior insegurança alimentar. Familias insegura alimentar moderada ou grave, são alimentados apenas dois grupos de alimentos: cereais ou de tubérculos; e leguminosas. Quando há ligeira insegurança alimentar, eles adicionam carne ou peixe.
Résumé Objectif: Déterminer la diversité et le niveau de sécurité alimentaire, ainsi que leur relation avec les conditions de vie de familles résidant a Acajete, Veracruz. Matériaux et méthode: Échantillonnage stratifié proportionnel, avec un intervalle de confiance de 95%, une marge d'erreur de 5% et 50% de distribution des réponses. La sélection des ménages a été faite au hasard et a donné lieu a un échantillon de 211 logements. Résultats: 40.3% des familles (n=85) ont indiqué une insécurité alimentaire légére et 32.7% (n = 69) une sécurité alimentaire. En ce qui concerne l'état nutritionnel, 57% des personnes interrogées ont présenté un poids normal (valeur du mode et la médiane), 25,5% surpoids ou obésité 25,5% et 16,8% une insuffisance pondérale. 33,6% des personnes interrogées consomment trois groupes alimentaires dans la journée, 27,5% quatre groupes, 15,2% deux groupes, et 15,2% également cinq groupes. Des différences significatives (p = 0,039) de niveau d'éducation ont été trouvées en relation au statut de sécurité alimentaire: 84,2% des analphabétes expérimentent un certain degré d'insécurité alimentaire et 15,8% sont en sécurité alimentaire. Conclusions: Les caractéristiques du logement prises en compte dans cette étude ne sont pas un facteur de risque déterminant d'insécurité alimentaire. Aucune différence significative n'a été observée en fonction du surpeuplement (p = 0,239), de la propriété du logement (p = 0,987); et de l'existence d'une source non fiable d'eau pour boire (p = 0,973). Les valeurs moyennes de la Encuesta Mexicana para la Seguridad Alimentaria (EMSA) se sont révélés statistiquement significatifs ; on a ainsi observé qu'une moindre diversité alimentaire entrame une insécurité alimentaire majeure. Les familles en situation d'insécurité alimentaire modérée ou sévére ne se nourrissent que de deux groupes d'aliments: céréales et tubercules, et légumineuses. Dans les cas d'insécurité alimentaire légére, a cela s'ajoute de la viande ou du poisson.
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Objective To analyze the relationship between family-related factors and the status of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in China.Methods Data were collected from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012 program.A sample of 6 343 subjects aged 6-17 years was selected,with matched weight,education levels,household income and other family related factors of their parents.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to explore the relationship between family factors and overweight and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents.Results After adjusted for age,gender and region,results from the multivariate logistic regression showed that both the overweight and obesity of children and adolescents were associated with maternal BMI (OR=1.83,95％ CI:1.63-2.05),paternal BMI (OR=1.74,95％CI:1.57-1.94),mother's educational level (OR=1.24,95％CI:1.12-1.37) and household income (OR=l.30,95％CI:1.15-1.46).Conclusion Factors as overweight or obesity status of the parents,mother's educational level and household income were positively correlated with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents.
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Objective To analyze the relationship between family-related factors and the status of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in China.Methods Data were collected from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012 program.A sample of 6 343 subjects aged 6-17 years was selected,with matched weight,education levels,household income and other family related factors of their parents.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to explore the relationship between family factors and overweight and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents.Results After adjusted for age,gender and region,results from the multivariate logistic regression showed that both the overweight and obesity of children and adolescents were associated with maternal BMI (OR=1.83,95％ CI:1.63-2.05),paternal BMI (OR=1.74,95％CI:1.57-1.94),mother's educational level (OR=1.24,95％CI:1.12-1.37) and household income (OR=l.30,95％CI:1.15-1.46).Conclusion Factors as overweight or obesity status of the parents,mother's educational level and household income were positively correlated with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents.
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bjective: Differences in health status between socioeconomic groups continue to challenge epidemiological research. To evaluate health inequalities in tooth loss, using indicators of socioeconomic position (education level, occupation and subjective economic situation), in a large representative sample of elderly Costa Ricans, can contribute to conceive better adapted public health interventions. Methods: Data are from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES Pre-1945), a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of elders. 2827 participants were included in the study using data from the first wave conducted in 2005, and analyzed cross-sectionally. The sample was imputed for missing data using a multiple imputation model. Tooth loss was self-reported and informed about the quantity of missing teeth. Information on participant's socioeconomic factors was collected via a questionnaire, including three measures approaching socioeconomic position: education level, occupation and subjective economic situation. Additional variables were included in the multivariate analyses as potential confounders. Results: Tooth loss was found to be strongly socially patterned, using variables characterizing socioeconomic position, mainly education level, occupational status and subjective economic situation. Conclusions: To highlight how socioeconomic position relates to tooth loss, can allow a better understanding of the origins of the social gradient in oral health, to tackle the most common chronic diseases across the world.
bjetivo: Las diferencias en el estado de salud entre los grupos socioeconómicos continúan desafiando la investigación epidemiológica. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar las inequidades sociales en salud con respecto a la pérdida de piezas dentales, utilizando distintos indicadores de la posición socioeconómica (nivel de educación, ocupación y situación económica subjetiva). Se utilizó un amplio estudio representativo de la población de adultos mayores costarricenses. Este trabajo podría contribuir a concebir intervenciones en salud pública más adaptadas para el país. Métodos: Los datos provienen del Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable de Costa Rica (CRELES Pre-1945), un estudio longitudinal representativo de la población de personas adultas mayores. La muestra, analizada transversalmente, incluyó 2827 participantes usando datos de la primera ronda realizada en 2005. La muestra fue imputada para tomar en cuenta los datos faltantes usando un modelo de imputación múltiple. La pérdida de piezas dentales fue declarada como la cantidad de dientes perdidos en el momento de la entrevista. La información sobre los factores socioeconómicos de los participantes se recopiló a través de un cuestionario, incluyendo tres medidas que aproximaban la posición socioeconómica: nivel educativo, ocupación y situación económica subjetiva. Otras variables fueron incluídas en el modelo de regresión múltiple, como potenciales factores de confusión. Resultados: Se encontró que la pérdida de piezas dentales estaba fuertemente asociada a las todas las variables socioeconómicas analizadas, principalmente el nivel educativo, la ocupación y la situación económica subjetiva. Conclusiones: Mostrar cómo la posición socioeconómica se relaciona con la pérdida de piezas dentales podría permitir una mejor comprensión de los orígenes del gradiente social en la salud oral. Esto permitiría la concepción de mejores políticas en salud oral para hacer frente a estas enfermedades crónicas, reconocidas como las más comunes en el mundo.